1. What is Terminal Voltage?

Terminal Voltage is the actual voltage available from a battery or cell when current is flowing. It differs from the EMF due to internal resistance within the power source.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the terminal voltage formula:

Where:

• \( TV \) — Terminal Voltage (V)
• \( EMF \) — Electromotive Force (V)
• \( I \) — Current (A)
• \( r \) — Internal Resistance (Ω)

Explanation: The formula calculates the voltage drop across the internal resistance and subtracts it from the EMF to find the actual output voltage.

3. Importance of Terminal Voltage Calculation

Details: Understanding terminal voltage is crucial for designing electrical circuits, battery performance analysis, and ensuring proper voltage supply to connected devices.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter EMF in volts, current in amperes, and internal resistance in ohms. All values must be valid (non-negative numbers).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the difference between EMF and terminal voltage?
A: EMF is the maximum potential difference when no current flows, while terminal voltage is the actual voltage under load due to internal resistance.

Q2: Why does terminal voltage decrease with increasing current?
A: As current increases, the voltage drop across the internal resistance (I × r) increases, reducing the available terminal voltage.

Q3: Can terminal voltage ever be higher than EMF?
A: No, terminal voltage is always less than or equal to EMF in a typical power source due to internal resistance.

Q4: How does internal resistance affect battery performance?
A: Higher internal resistance causes greater voltage drop under load, reducing efficiency and available power.

Q5: When is terminal voltage equal to EMF?
A: Terminal voltage equals EMF only when no current is flowing (open circuit condition).